Should Nevada legalize the possession of marijuana Research Paper

Should Nevada sanction the ownership of pot - Research Paper Example Nevada ought not sanction the ownership of Marijuana. Initially, ownership of weed would prompt increasingly genuine medication augmentations since the medication will be effectively available than it recently was. These medications could represent a higher hazard than that brought about by Marijuana. Pot consumption makes an individual to be rough to any individual who attempts to go his direction and furthermore makes guardians disregard their youngsters. On the off chance that Nevada authorizes pot, this would make it effectively accessible, and all the more new clients would get to the bad habit. Streets gore is probably going to be on the ascent since drivers would be driving affected by the medication (Jorge 4). The addicts of hard medications were once customers of maryjane; in this way, sanctioning it would open entryways for purchasers to get into a similar pattern (Jorge 5). Those supporting for the legitimization of cannabis in Nevada refer to the restorative worth, which is incredibly theoretical and is yet to be demonstrated logically. Truth be told, the medication is called second calendar, which implies that it is yet to go to the five star plan. It would appear to be untrustworthy when the laws went to ensure the residents are similar ones used to annihilate their wellbeing. Those pushing for the sanctioning of Marijuana are only worried about the monetary development, and not the government assistance of its kin. Since the deals of tobacco have gone down, they trust Marijuana deals will help the economy. Hence, the sanctioning of Marijuana in Nevada is for political and monetary additions, which are probably going to be disadvantageous over the long haul (Mitchell 21). Nevada ought not legitimize the ownership of Marijuana since this would animate the exchange drugs. Sanctioning of Marijuana will subsequently prompt a greater number of instances of medication dealing than when the medication isn't authorized. Accordingly, violations and absence of security in Nevada would increment. Street pharmacists would exploit the law and have different medications, for example, Cocaine and Heroin (Goldberg 252). A few patients

United Arab Emirates Modes of Entry free essay sample

Sending out †Indirect trading implies that the organization doesn't manage remote clients or organizations without anyone else however utilizes intermediates, for example, send out organizations, send out specialists, or fare accomplice system to deal with all fare movement. Aberrant sending out ought to be contemplated if a company’s own essentials in worldwide business are insufficient and if the intermediate’s assets just as the skill advantage the organization. This section elective has very low dangers for the exporter. In direct trading the organization deals with the sending out movement without anyone else. The organization is in contact with the intermediates in the objective market, for example, import specialists, retailers, or agents. It is basic for the organization to know the business sectors, pick the specialist or wholesaler cautiously and forces the information in showcasing just as sending out schedules. Advantages in direct sending out are shorter conveyance channels, littler circulation costs just as nearer association with the end client and more prominent potential return. We will compose a custom exposition test on Joined Arab Emirates Modes of Entry or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page 2. Joint Venture A second strategy for entering a remote market. Joint endeavor varies from sending out in that the organization gets together with remote organizations to deliver or advertise an item or administration. This incorporates modes, for example, authorizing, diversifying, the board contracting, venture tasks, and joint proprietorship. ?Together possessed auxiliaries Joint proprietorship is the method of joint wandering wherein an organization joins speculators in an outside market to make a nearby business in which they share joint possession and control. The remote countries’ guidelines may require joint possession as a condition to enter the nation, or company’s budgetary, physical, or administrative assets are insufficient to attempt the endeavor alone. 3. Authorizing International permitting implies that the maker offers the option to utilize the company’s unimportant rights, for example, producing process, trademark, patent, prized formula, or other important data to a licensee in the remote market for an expense or eminence. The organization grows to the market with little obstruction and the licensee picks up the creation mastery or notable item or name as concurred in the agreement without beginning without any preparation. Be that as it may, the organization has less command over the licensee than it would over its own activity. 4. Diversifying Franchising s another alternative, in which the organization offers the privilege to the franchisee (autonomous agents) to deliver its items or offer an assistance in a remote market. For the most part diversifying has been conspicuous in quick nourishments, wellness focuses, lodgings, land, and many other item and administration regions. The advantage is to begin internationalizati on quicker with less resources. The organization will increase important data and experience from the objective nation for later utilization. 5. Turnkey ventures Contract producing is valuable when assembling costs are less expensive abroad than in the nation of origin. Venture activities incorporate selling a particular undertaking abroad, for example, hardware establishment, usage of the production line speculations, or network building venture. Activities can be fractional tasks, turn key undertakings, and turnkey in addition to ventures or consortiums. Recommended Modes of Entry for UAE Limited Liability Companies Doing business in the United Arab Emirates When entering the UAE an organization can either set up a perpetual nearness in the UAE or utilize a business operator. The changeless nearness might be sought after by: ? Joining a Limited Liability Company (LLC) ? Building up a Branch office or Representative office Establishing a completely claimed element in one of the UAE Free Trade Zones 1. Working as a LLC in the nation allows the organization to participate in all exercises as authorized in the UAE. Notwithstanding, a remote element can just work in those exercises authorized by the applicable UAE authority, for example, contracting, o ffering types of assistance, and potentially producing. Certain exercises, for example, business office exercises, are held for entirely UAE possessed ventures. 2. Building up a Branch or Representative office bears an organization lasting nearness in UAE just as business office exercises. Up to fifty-one percent of the organization is being claimed by the UAE nationals the outside financial specialists are allowed to hold a value possession in the nation. Restricted Liability Company is favored among remote speculators because of its adaptable administration structure, and security of minority investors. 3. In the UAE there are 38 Free Trade Zones (FTZ) with more than 20,000 organizations working in them. The fundamental advantage of propelling a branch in a Free Trade Zone is to have the option to have 100% outside proprietorship. Regardless, directing business in different parts the UAE showcase is prohibited. The Free Trade Zones were propelled to pull in outside financial specialists and capital by offering: ? 100% remote possession ? 100% import and fare charge exceptions ? 100% repatriation of capital and benefits ? No corporate expenses for a long time, can be recharged for an extra 15 years ? No close to home personal expenses ? Help with work enlistment, just as other extra assistance, for example, sponsorship and lodging UAE Available Modes of Entry Advantages ?No duties of any sort at all are forced on either coastal or seaward exercises ? Organizations don't need to document any records No tax assessment data trade concurrences with different nations ? There are no open records kept of the chiefs and investors of a partnership ? Exceptionally secret and advanced financial framework guarantees budgetary issues are private ? Solid enactment set up securing the secrecy of speculators in the nation ? Outsiders can possess 100% of their organizations in Free Trade Zones ? Outsiders ha ve the opportunity to send home their capital and personal tax exempt ? Organizations have full insusceptibility from import obligations ?Also there are no cash limitations in Dubai Weaknesses ?All remote business ought to distribute at least 51% value to a UAE national ? An enrolled office must be kept up in Dubai ?Companies must designate a certified evaluator to look at and report organization accounts ? No business can complete exchange with a UAE occupant in the UAE or in the Jebel Ali Free Zone except if they have first gotten the significant licenses to do so ? Locale isn't an English precedent-based law purview ?The enlistment center has the ability to select overseers to research the undertakings of any seaward organization or business Realities, Statistical Data, and References ?Shortening the ideal opportunity for conveying building licenses by improving its online framework for handling application. ? Business fire up was made simpler by rearranging the reports required for enrollment, abrogating the AED 150,000 least capital prerequisite, and evacuating the necessity that evidence of store of capital be appeared for enlistment. ? Exchange process has been facilitated by more prominent limit of holder terminals, end of the terminal taking care of receipt as a necessary report, and an expansion in exchange money items.

Big Data Analytics Versus the Gut Check

Big Data Analytics Versus the Gut Check The term big data analytics at first blush appears to be the collection of large volumes of information to be analyzed. And while it is in part, it is more importantly an approach to understanding the relationship between factors affecting business. The gut check on the other hand is a less scientific method, often referred to as intuition or gut feeling it is a subconscious instinct tied to personal feelings of ethics and beliefs. © Shutterstock.com | Rawpixel.comIn this article we will look at 1) big data analytics in really simple terms, 2) what is gut check, 3) big data analytics systems, 4) 6 main limitations of big data, 5) gut check limitations in marketing, 6) analytics win over gut check in surveys, and 7) the future of marketing: a marriage between big analytics and the gut check.BIG DATA ANALYTICS IN REALLY SIMPLE TERMSBig data is the collection of large amounts of structured data which is information in a fixed field like a spreadsheet and unstructured data, which is, according to webopedia.com,“information that doesnt reside in a traditional row-column database,” like word documents, emails and texts. The three aspects of big data or the three V’s that are used to characterize different aspects of the collected and stored information and used to help in the analysis.VarietyData is disorganized, as the sources tend to be diverse and plenty. Different browsers send different data and with huma n input, there is always error and inconsistencies needing to be arranged.Volume Being able to process large amounts of data is what makes data analytics such an important tool of business. All companies collect data, yet stored data is of little use if not processed and analyzed. This is where data warehousing and processing databases come into play. Software such as Apache Hadoop, gives access to data analysis to all types of companies because of its unlimited capabilities.VelocityData flow is constantly increasing and it is to the companies’ benefit to gather and use the steady and fast moving flow of information to their advantage. With technology being the way it is now, companies can stream data into warehouses and process in larger batches when ready, thus taking the process quickly from input to making critical decisions.WHAT IS GUT CHECK?The idea of gut check refers to a subconscious instinct developed by our social interaction and cultural influences. This unconscious de cision-making process is quick and quite hard-wired and has been vital to our survival as humans. Since gut check includes a heightened perception of cues from our environment and it is important to also possess an inherent ability to interpret those cues to our benefit. According to an article on this topic, “In our dealings with other people instincts are important. Our social skills have been wired into our subconscious. However when it comes to our interface with technology, then instinct must be learnt and grounded in experience to be of greatest value.”BIG DATA ANALYTICS SYSTEMSPredictive analyticsThis branch of data mining is focused on the future in terms of probabilities and trends. The predictor, central nerve of this model, is a variable, which is usually measured on a number of different levels. Multiple variables are combined into models to somewhat accurately predict future possibilities and behaviors. Once the predictive models are made, they are further validated and at times revised to incorporate new information. Softwareadvice.com has a comparative list of the top ten predictive analytics software and reviews for each.Data Mining Data mining is focused on identifying relationships and patterns that have not previously been recognized. The steps involved in this process include association, sequencing, classifying, clustering and forecasting. This method is used in many areas of research including marketing to pin point behavior patterns of consumers.Data visualization softwareData visualization software is a technology used to classify data in a format that allows users to be able to better understand it and put it to use in their business. Unrecognized relationships and trends are easier to spot with this software and methods of visualization include anything from the basic spreadsheets to infographics and heat maps. These days data visualization technology is usually embedded into business intelligence software to enable users to inter act, change or analyze information with more ease and clarity.Statistical analysisStatistical analysis is the collection and careful observation of all data samples to identify trends and find patterns. The process is broken down into 5 steps:Describe the nature of the data to be analyzed.Explore how the data relates to the demographicCreate a model (grouping documentation) that summarizes the relationship between the data and the population.Validate the modelRun predictive analysis to help guide future decisions and actions.Text analyticsAlso known as text mining, this method of analytics is focused on recovering information from unstructured data, turning them into numerical values and linking them with structured data. This helps firms to gather valuable business information that gives insight into customer sentiment, emotion and relevance, nuances often missed by statistical machines techniques. Text analytics technology is still relatively new and developing, so results of anal ysis tend to vary depending on the vendor.6 MAIN LIMITATIONS OF BIG DATA1. Big Data measurements could be considered InvasiveWhile Taylorism was focused on gathering data through scientific processes to ensure economic efficiency and labour productive workforces, today’s research goes deeper and into more personal areas. Data mining focuses on finding every bit of information that has to do with customer satisfaction, behavior, thought processes and day-to-day behavior. Though this customer focus makes for better products and interaction between companies and their target market, the constant invasion into people’s personal space and motivations can be construed as a “ Big Brother” type of movement.2. Big data lacks social factors that make us innately humanDatafying is a term used to explain how information is put into a format so it can be analyzed and categorized. An example shared by  a new republic.com article, is of the way “Twitter enabled the datafication of senti ment by creating an easy way for people to record and share their stray thoughts, which had previously been lost to the winds of time.”  So in essence big data does not have the capacity to truly capture human social graces and true human emotion, it simply allows thoughts to be shared.3. Creates smaller worldTechnology allows for connection to other people’s emotions, opinions and thoughts that are not necessarily the same as ours. With big data analytics and other categorizing data technology, we are being lumped into groups based on our online preferences and behaviors. With this sort of categorization we are constantly inundated with images and advertising tailored to our tastes, which keeps us stuck in our “own little worlds,” so to speak. The new republican article reports that it is called the  â€œfilter bubble,” a general avoidance or falling of the public sphere to allow for focus on individualized news feeds and interests.4. More informed not wiserWith the real time flow and update of data, we are being fed more and more information. This keeps us more educated on many different topics, but not necessarily wiser about much of the same topics. To develop wisdom takes time and patience, not the drive through knowledge update system that big data and other information flow systems promote. Smart organizations move with constant feedback and data, but wise organizations take time to notice long standing patterns and use them to benefit themselves and  their customers.5. Eliminates ambiguity therefore creating a sense of being too obviousAs in life mystery and the unknown can add an element of challenge and growth to a company. By treading the murky waters of the ambiguous, businesses develop innovative skills and learn how to handle unpredictable circumstances. With big data analysis, businesses can forecast and track patterns and trends, but it all becomes one expected plan or trend after another, with very little room for the things yet to be discovered or experienced.6. Does not come up with new ideasBig data analytics does help with solving problems and coming up with solutions. But in terms of creativity it is sorely lacking. Only human ingenuity can truly create and innovate and bring new ideas to the market. So while big data does give us many advantages, it does not provide genius new ideas for the company or the marketer to bring to the consumers. GUT CHECK LIMITATIONS IN MARKETINGSteve Jobs once said, “you have to trust your gut, your destiny” And just like big data is scientific, gut feeling is human and intuitive. However, it does come with its own set of limitations that should be considered as well.Lack of Impulse ControlWorking from your gut with little or no scientific and precise data and little impulse control could be a disaster. While intuition is great, reality based testing is needed to ensure the decisions a company or its marketers make are sound and good for business.Non-scientific Methodol ogyWhen making crucial business decisions, the majority of leaders of industry describe their decision making approach as empirical or data based. Using intuition or the gut check then without scientific backing is unorthodox but not unheard of. Economic Intelligence Unit carried out a survey of 175 organizations which found that most executives question information that contradicts their intuition, even though they understand the danger of trusting their gut.Bounded RationalityBounded rationality defines the limits in our understanding. As humans we are unable to rationalize things we do not comprehend and as such, we are bounded by what we can rationalize. This is when our gut instincts kick in and if we are not thorough and using some scientific data to back the feeling, we could fall into the trap of relying too heavily on our gut and not trying to learn and seek deeper understanding. This is especially useful when doing market research and learning about behaviors of consumers that do not match the realms of our own rationality.Cognitive DissonanceWhen there is a conflicting belief in our minds, we adjust to encourage harmony. The foreseeable problem with this psychological need for cognitive consistency is we may distort the facts to match our instincts if we are not basing our decisions on data and science. This can be detrimental to a business and any proposed marketing campaign.ANALYTICS WIN OVER GUT CHECK IN SURVEYSDespite personal beliefs and gut instincts it always makes for better business decision making to find information, interpret and use it correctly. In 2012 a number of surveys of thousands of companies were conducted to find out what gave certain businesses the competitive edge. It turns out the use of data analytics was the main tool to gain this advantage.Analytics Define business success over instinctsCompanies around the world that are making billions of dollars are using data analytic insights to develop operations, products and servi ces.  And based on surveys it appears these companies are twice as likely to experience top financial performance, cutting edge decision making and come to those decisions faster.Helps with the improvement of information and therefore better performanceThere is  a direct link between increased performance and the use of data analytic strategies. These top performers were not only getting the right data, they were also managing the amounts and understanding how to apply the information to the improvement of their business.The use of big data analytics in market research improves product launch and innovationFinally and just as prominent for businesses is the use of data analytics to increase product success rate. The research claims, that companies that use an idea to launch process along with advanced market research, experience three times the success their competitors have when launching new products and innovative ideas.FUTURE OF MARKETING: A MARRIAGE BETWEEN BIG DATA ANALYTICS AND THE GUT CHECKSo far we have seen that data analytics work to give business the competitive advantage, but have some limitations that need to be filled in by human intuition. When combined to balance each other, the best results will be measurable and obvious in the company’s performance and product launch success rate, among other things.Companies need to do the research, gather and analyze the data so they are prepared to fully follow and prove or disprove a gut feeling. And keeping the gut check in check with scientific analysis of the tremendous amounts of data available to each business is the ideal balance for success.Human Input helps Data AnalysisSimply put, machines are great at reducing errors and creating figures, but when it comes to getting the right kind of information, businesses and especially marketers will have to rely on human input to help them determine what customers need, what data should be used and what should be dismissed.Leveraging big data depends on use of Information from all relevant sourcesTop performing companies that manage the information streaming in to their data warehouses use all the available sources to get the best vantage point. Analytic specialists can provide vital information about the numbers but production workers can also provide information that would not be otherwise accessible by company executives. A wise marketing team will recruit information from every possible source and use it all to ensure the company is performing at the highest level.Balance the limits of Big data and instincts Without human assistance machines would be useless, and inversely without the scientific methodology behind big data analytics people would have to rely on their feelings whether wrong or right. By leveraging the two, companies could out perform the competition that depended solely on one or the other and double or triple their profit over time. The ideal market research and information management plan should be to blend b ig data analytics with the gut check and allow hypotheses to be proven or disproven, while allowing intuition to be the innovative force it can be.

The Issue Of National Debt - 941 Words

According to brilling.com the U.S. national debt is increasing at an alarming rate of 2.35 billion dollars a day, witch comes out to be about 56,694 dollars per U.S. citizen. One of the major controversies over the national debt is who started the escalation and when did it begin? All over the internet there are websites dedicated to showing the national debt and â€Å"expanding† peoples knowledge on some of the more recent information leaked from news channels and websites. Brilling.com is a perfect example, when you first visit this website you will notice at the very top of the page there is a debt clock that shows the â€Å"current† U.S. national debt. As you look a little farther down the page you find the â€Å"current† population of the U.S. and each citizens part of the national debt. After scrolling down a little you will find that the last section of the website is dedicated to an outdated(1999-2013) list of articles relating to the national debt. One of the articles on brilling.com states that the national debt was raised more under Obama’s presidency compared to Bush’s presidency. This cbs news article from 2012 states that as of March 19, 2012 the national debt had gone up more in Obama’s three year and two month term (4.939 trillion increase) compared to Bush’s eight year term(4.899 trillion increase). If the absurd amount of money the national debt increases by each day wasn’t enough for you cbs news states that as of 2012 the U.S. national debt exceeds the U.S.’s grossShow MoreRelatedNational Debt : The Biggest Issue Of The Global Politics1270 Words   |  6 PagesNational debt is the biggest issue in the global politics. As we scrutinize the US national debt and its history; we can answer the most common questions from fellow citizens in the US on the National debt: what causes the national debt? Who do we owe money to? And how can the Government pay off the debt entirely? I stron gly believe the national debt should be a major concern to all American citizens and tax payers, because they contribute to government spending a great deal. In 1790, Alexander HamiltonRead MoreFixing The National Debt Is A Coservercal Issue Within Our Government1396 Words   |  6 PagesFixing the national debt is a coservercal issue within our government. Since the two parties have opposing views on how to fix it, it creates gridlock on the process of creating a plan to reduce it. (Perdue, 2015) Our federal government debt has extensively tripled since the year 2000 (see appendix A) (Historical Debt Outstanding Annual 2000-2015,2015), today our debt is a tad bit over nineteen billion. (U.S.NationalDebtClock.org , 2016) We have arrived at his point through the imbalance betweenRead MoreWhy Liberals Are Losing The National Debt Argument1633 Words   |  7 Pagescan post whatever they want, whether it is deemed to be accurate or not. In using the topic of national debt in the Unite d States as a guide, I was able to analyze plausible sources and compare them to inaccurate sources. Journalist, Brandon Greife, in his article, â€Å"Liberals are Losing the National Debt Argument,† elaborates on the topic of what liberals are accomplishing when it comes to national debt but his purpose is to tell readers about how liberals are going about doing that and voice hisRead MoreA National Debt Is The Difference Between The Government s Budget And Deficit And The Expenditures1291 Words   |  6 Pagesway, a national debt is the difference between the government’s budget/deficit and the expenditures. The U.S. federal debt was set up by the first Treasury Secretary, Alexander Hamilton. Our initial debt incurred during the American Revolutionary War. Over the following 45 years, the debt grew. Although, the national debt actually shrank to zero by January 1835, under President Andrew Jackson, it quickly grew into the millions again, soon after. The American Ci vil War resulted in dramatic debt growthRead MoreThe Revolutionary Era Of The United States1600 Words   |  7 Pagesthat would arise as a part of the union following the revolutionary war. The purpose of the constitution was made for the improvement of the framework of the union. Alexander Hamilton was the primary leader on the issue of a public credit system and the abolishment of the national debt they had to get themselves out of. Hamilton wrote a number of reports to the newly formed House of Representatives, offering solutions to the problems the union was facing after the revolutionary era. In his firstRead MoreSolution Of Debt Crises And Long Term Effects1618 Words   |  7 Pages Explanation of Debt Crises and long term effects (10 points) 2. 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The Value Of A Nation s Output Essay - 1835 Words

The idea of â€Å"not having enough† daunts us humans – in fact, we came up with economics, the study of scarcity. Beyond studying the allocation of resources, economists also aim to measure output and productivity. The measure of output has become highly relevant today and it is treated as a ‘score’ between economies. Intuitively, the higher the output, the better. A nation’s output is measured as their gross domestic product, which takes into the account the spending of households, firms, governments, and net exports. The gross domestic product (GDP) is believed to be the best measure to reflect the standard of living. However, it lacks accuracy in the sense that non-monetary elements are not taken into account, which means that countries with high GDP may have a poor natural ecosystem or work ethic. For this reason, economic growth should not be pursued continuously at the expense of real quality of life, especially in developed nations. Economist E.J. Mishan, well known for his skepticism towards economic growth, strongly believes that we are at the brink and the end of economic growth is near. In his book â€Å"The Economic Growth Debate,† he stated: â€Å"anyone having the slightest familiarity with the physics of heat, energy and matter will realize that, in terms of historical time, the end of economic growth, as we currently experience it, cannot be that far off† (Mishan, 1977). Mishan also noticed that pursuing economic growth in developed nations does more harm than good to theShow MoreRelatedThe Gross Domestic Product ( Gdp )974 Words   |  4 Pagesmonetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country s geographic borders in a determined period of time. It is used as a quantitative measure of the total economic activity of a nation, and it is usually calculated on an annual basis. The GDP can be determined in three different ways: output or production measure, income measure, and expenditure measure. 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Claims to Equality Langston Hughes’ Utilization of the Word “I” Free Essays

The black man has struggled for a long time to be considered equal to the white man.   Being called â€Å"African American†, and being given the same rights as other ethnicities in America, is the legitimization of his claim to his American heritage.   â€Å"I, Too† and â€Å"Theme for English B† are some of the poems written by Langston Hughes, an African American poet and writer who is interested in putting a higher stake on the claim by creating poetry which boosts the place of the black man in literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Claims to Equality: Langston Hughes’ Utilization of the Word â€Å"I† or any similar topic only for you Order Now    â€Å"I, Too† and â€Å"Theme for English B† proclaim the equality of the black man to the white man, but while â€Å"I, Too† sounds like one man conversing with anyone, â€Å"Theme for English B† is addressing the white man directly, in the person of the professor. â€Å"I, Too† may seem like one side of a conversation, but the determination to be recognized as an equal is not any weaker.   There is a quiet confidence in the narrator when he says â€Å"Besides/ they’ll see how beautiful I am/ and be ashamed– /I, too, am America† (Hughes, I. Too lines 15-18).   The â€Å"besides† at the beginning of the stanza makes it conversational and relaxed.   In the first stanza, the narrator says â€Å"but I laugh/and eat well/and grow strong (Hughes, I. Too lines 5-7)† in response to the segregation that black people are suffering.   Though the poem may sound relaxed, the â€Å"treatment† is â€Å"not casual† because it â€Å"speaks of the oppression of the black people and relates to any oppressed group in America† (Mitchell and Henderson 28). Though the laugh that the narrator uses to respond to adversities seems to be too carefree on his part, he is not without a plan.   After all, he talks about getting stronger.   The fight to equality here is not loud, but quieter and more planned.   It can be as serious as an underground plan for a protest or as simple as improving oneself in order to show that black people are equal to any other race.   The poem itself is testament to that quiet move to prove equality.   Hughes uses the â€Å"I† in his poem not to limit the poem or to become â€Å"introspective†, but like Anglo-American poet, Walt Whitman, to expand. â€Å"Theme for English B† is a more direct claim to equality, made possible through the narrator’s letter to his white professor.   It is a man’s claim to his inheritance, despite being considered by others as unworthy of it because he does not have the expected qualities of an heir.   â€Å"Theme for English B† is said â€Å"to explode the notion of a racially pure self despite the white writing instructor’s insistence on it in the text’s opening exhortation† (Jarraway 833).   The first stanza is the writing instructor’s assignment:   â€Å"Go home and write/ a page tonight./ And let that page come out of you—/ Then, it will be true† (Hughes, Theme for English B lines 1-4). The rest of the poem is the response of the narrator, who believes that since he is young and the only black student in his university, his ideas may be considered unlike those of his professor’s and his classmates’; the ideas, after all, come from a different background.   However, he still believes that no matter how different he is to his writing instructor, they are the same – equal:  Ã‚   â€Å"But it will be/ a part of you, instructor. / You are white—/ yet a part of me, as I am a part of you./ That’s American./ Sometimes perhaps you don’t want to be a part of me./ Nor do I often want to be a part of you. But we are, that’s true!† (Hughes, Theme for English B lines 28-35)   Equality is not limited to being alike because no matter how their colors are different, the professor and the narrator are both Americans, and of course, both human.   The poem is about equality in America, but it can well be equality in the wo rld with the narrator declaring himself as a human being with human traits and rights. The two poems from Langston Hughes’ collection of poetry, which speaks about how black people live, struggle and celebrate, are similar in their objective to describe a narrator that moves forward in his goal of being recognized as an equal.   Though Hughes makes use of the â€Å"I† in the wider sense of the word, his writings are also very autobiographical in the sense that his narrators reveal his own views on the state of black America.  Ã‚   What makes his poetry wider and less introspective is the importance of the topics themselves, and their effects on many people and to societal change. The two narrators’ uses of â€Å"I† differ in energy and mood.   The narrator in â€Å"I, Too† claims equality but has a more passive role in the quest for that recognition.   Nevertheless, he has a positive attitude and does not let discrimination destroy him; instead, he strives to be stronger in order to prove himself equal.   On the other hand, the narrator in â€Å"Theme for English B† uses â€Å"I† in relation to â€Å"you†, the other, the white man.   He uses the two pronouns to emphasize the similarity underneath the surface.   Instead of staying put and reacting towards discrimination and segregation, he actively confronts the professor who represents white people. Langston Hughes’ has effectively used â€Å"I† to strongly claim the black man’s rights in America.   In the two poems â€Å"I, Too† and â€Å"Theme for English B,† he shows that no matter how the black man declares his equality, be it passive or active, he is undoubtedly equal to any other man from any other race despite outward differences. Works Cited Hughes, Langston. â€Å"I. Too.† n.d. Hughes, Langston. â€Å"Theme for English B.† n.d. Jarraway, David R. â€Å"Montage of an Otherness Deferred: Dreaming Subjectivity in Langston Hughes.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   American Literature, Vol. 68, No. 4 (December 1996): 819-847. Mitchell, Arlene Harris and Darwin L. Henderson. â€Å"Black Poetry: Versatility of Voice.† The English   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Journal, Vol. 79, No. 4 (April 1990): 23-28. How to cite Claims to Equality: Langston Hughes’ Utilization of the Word â€Å"I†, Essay examples

North Koreas and the United Statess International Relations

Table of Contents Executive Summary Context and Importance of the problem Critique of the policy Policy recommendations Executive Summary North Korea is a sovereign country which should be respected by all nations in the world. North Korea’s good relationship with the United States has long been withstanding until the early1990s when the country expanded its nuclear program and the U.S considered bombing the facilities jeopardizing any good relationship that existed between them. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on North Korea’s and the United States’s International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The relationship between the two countries seemed to have found a common ground when Jimmy Carter negotiated peace between the two sides resulting to an Agreed Framework that required North Korea to trade off its nuclear program in exchange of fuel shipments from the U.S. The agreed fra mework did not bring the peace that was intended for but instead averted war and since then, the U.S has continued to criticize the country’s sale of advanced nuclear technology to other countries remains a subject for discussions. It was later discovered that North Korea was harboring an underground nuclear facility contrary to the Agreed Framework Agreement. Both the United States and North Korea are to be blamed for the torn relationships between, and if they both play the supremacy cards, the relationship between the two powers will be antagonistic. Research reveals that the U.S never delivered the promised heavy fuel oil in exchange for freezing the nuclear power house and also failed to lift its economic sanctions. There are two United states government policies that supports the relationship between the two countries. One is the Clinton administration and CIA and pentagon policies. The Clinton policies limited the U.S engagement in North Korea affairs and sought to an alyze the relationship between the two countries while the CIA opposed the arrangements. Since the U.S policies towards North Korea proved impractical, the policy makers in the U.S should address a wide range of bilateral agreements that will strengthen North Korea’s siege mentality. Context and Importance of the problem By understanding the extend to which North Korean leaders regard changes in relation to relationship with the outside world will help us understand why restoring peace between the country and the United States proves challenging. North Korea over the past decades has endured dilemma on how it interacts with the outside world in relation to resistance to principles of monitoring, conditionality to be paid in terms of relationship with international cooperation, transparency and reciprocity. Its therefore important to note that North Korea’s interaction and conformity to internal rules may prove challenging in resolving the fundamental dilemmas posed by the Western countries, precisely the U.S due to the inherent danger that it may carry for survival of its ruling class. The paper will therefore review challenges North Korea faces in managing its nuclear weapons, transparency issues, economic reforms and the looming food crisis. Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More All these issues are considered as threats to the survival of North Korea’s leadership and its relationship with international communities. Rather than placing all the blame to the North Korea leadership, it’s important to look at what the U.S can do to restore the relations and the country’s sovereignty that permits the launch of satellite and nuclear proliferation. North Korea over the years has retained several patterns of interactions with international communities as derived fro its philosophical approach that considers it history rathe r dwelling on the periphery. DPRK themes seem impractical even though they have never been practices since their implementations. Theme seeks its own interest without considering the international consideration which they consider to reinforce legacy of the country’s regime. The U.S should therefore consider adapting to the North Korean rules without having to impose their own measures that would jeopardize the country’s sovereignty. A comprehensive agreement package that seeks to honor both countries commitment to end the stale relationships that have existed between them should be implemented. First, the U.S administration should first try and normalize the relationship between the two countries in terms of economic and security relations. Secondly, humanitarian aid should be send to North Korea to end the agricultural problems that have existed in the country for decades. Thirdly, the United States should consider lifting economic sanctions promised in the Agreem ent Framework and emphasize on restricting the country’s missile tests while at the same time permitting satellite technology development. North Korea has already offered a negotiable ground by agreeing to stop nuclear weapon exports in exchange for cash and the U.S should therefore try to meet them halfway by working with other countries to reduce militants and restore confidence and peace among the surrounding regions (Jonathan 54). The relationship had deteriorated due to claimed abduction of their citizens. Seoul was also one of the nations with whom our relationship was bad, due to the government of Lee Myung-bank. Economic ties with these various nations had deteriorated and the talks could not have succeeded because, they wanted us to fail our endeavors to use our resources effectively. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on North Korea’s and the United States’s International Relations specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/p age Learn More Many may think we are arming to fight them and with the nuclear weapons, we threaten other countries to our advantage. The launch of the April 2009 missile has led to a lot of criticism by various parties including the United Nations. This interference of our state is a bad blood between Korea and America. We, as a republic are just asking for consideration that we think is necessary and our right to our sovereignty. The Bush administration was not willing to negotiate with us on how to go about this process. The only had these constant threats to us and even were willing to launch an attack on us and that was unacceptable. They attacked Iraq and therefore we should, if they think we are a country that cannot implement its wishes, then they are very wrong. The international Atomic Energy Agency search of nuclear in man countries is also not necessary in our country. The non-proliferation treaty is also a treaty made in favor of some countries and, shou ld be checked and corrected to suit everybody in the entire world (Jonathan 160). The North Korean policy of the nuclear weapons has a lot of implications in our own mode of set up. As we know, North Korea must rely on the international support for development and for its people to survive properly. America is a superpower and it’s very influential in all aspects of the world’s policies therefore; we have to consider our policies towards America. President Obama is a diplomat and will always listen to us and bilateral talks with him will uphold that sense of dignity in us. Frankly, North Korea has a bad economy and society. As you are well aware of it, many citizens here depend on marketalization from below; barter trade, private economic exchange and some related activities unhandled by the state. Even with emphasis of industrial development and other economic activities, U.S remains an economically strong country and by 2012 North Korea will still be undeveloped. O ur nuclear proliferations are also keeping our neighbors in fear and thus, regional trade remains an issue. China is an emerging superpower, and North Korea as a neighboring country should consider involvement of more trade activities as its history requires it to be. BarrackAdvertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Obama is also considering a number of options in including Asia in trade activities. Recently, he visited Asia on APEC meeting and they discussed a lot of trade and issue of global climate changes. These are some of the things that North Korea needs by now and without the support of the American, we will remain backwards forever. Change of polices towards international relationships is something that is inevitable if we want to develop. This policy of nuclear weapons in our midst could also lead to an attack upon our territory by more than one nation. The leniency with Obama should be an advantage to us. Money, food and other development items should be acquired from other nations so as to stabilize our country before we get to process the weapons Critique of the policy North Korea as a county has various options to undertake and live peacefully with other nations. Some of these issues include honoring of the NPT and adhering to the policies of the United Nations Security Council. This will ensure that affairs of North Korea are not interfered with. Development of other areas of the country will occur. This will lead to proper international relationships and trade within the Asian regions will be improved, positive implications on a country’s development (Victor 124). Another option is the all inclusive dialogue between the involved parties or bilateral talks with the United States. This will ensure that trust among the nations is back to us and many will be willing to work with North Korea. In these talks, you as the president should raise the issue you have with the United States and give justifiable reasons for your actions. Mostly, regarding the weapons you should ask for rewritten agreement as it was done with India. Then, ask America to honor your ambitions an show just enough to them that you abide by the rules of non-aggression even if you get the weapons. Since you need United States for the development purposes, respect them and use Presiden t Obama to have your ambitions achieved. President Obama does not want to be involved in any war and therefore, his leniency can offer you an advantage as you can talk to him. These will ensure there are no sanctions on your country and, other systems of the government will be running accordingly. These are some of the options that are needed so that you do not fail in your ambitions and other sectors of the government. Let your country emerge as powerful nation with the help America because, if you make America your enemy you will not succeed. The proposal system of not respecting the treaties and arrogance towards the United Nations will cost us a lot. America is going to recommend various economic sanctions, and this will have major impact in our economy. Other nations will be urged not to relate with us, especially from our region since most of our neighbors are friends of the United States. Trade in our region will be a failure and our people will live in poverty. Furthermore , capitalism is the essence in the world and those countries that have embraced it have developed, and we need to have money to have this country develop. Most of our international polices will become a failure to us if we do not take care. North Korea has always been an antagonistic of the United States since the era of Clinton after the cold war. These have always worked against us because, in terms of development America has grown, but we have continued to suffer economically. The current proposal is certainly failing because, we have never moved ahead into making these weapons since we decided to go ahead with our mission. It is true that we have had several missile tests but, we are very far from accomplishing our dream. Every time we are doing it, there is interference from other countries led by America. We must change for the better, and make the relationship with other countries especially the United States better for us to develop Mazarr 78). Obama administration has impl emented new policy that pledged to work with North Korea in achieving denuclearization of clear weapons in the country through the Six-Party Process. This policy will give countries right to harbor peaceful nuclear energy and those who continue to oppose international obligations will not be receive any economic or political favor with the country in future. Obama is willing to listen to us, give him a chance and we can strive a deal and our relationships will improve and retrieve benefits at the end. The way this country handles the situation now, should a least give a chance to President Obama. He is not the same as President Bush who could not think of anything but war. The president of United States is lenient on international polices and I hope you as the president of this nation will consider that chance. The policies of North Korea may seem biased but, as your advisor I support you fully. Nuclear proliferation is something the country cannot run away from. In some years to c ome, many countries with be advancing and arming will be done in order to cope with threats like terrorism. As the president of this nation, you should consider various issues like the agreement between India and the United States on the proliferation treaty. These are some of the misunderstandings North Korea has with the United States. As your political advisor, I have shed some light on these issues and their pros and cons. The policies you uphold against the United States are good but, they will make the country poorer. With these chances, you should first improve the livelihoods of the people of North Korea but, do not erode the aim if nuclear weapon proliferation. Since development of your country will highly depend on other countries good relationships, United States will help you achieve that. President Obama can agree on a deal that will not require full denuclearization but, simply the reduction of nuclear arming. These will help you grow as a nation economically and als o be armed. China as an emerging superpower should also be considered in the country’s change of policies. If, as the President you find it difficult to work with the United States be a closer friend to China and she will help in mending the relationship with the United States. Policy recommendations According to the issues at hand, various practical steps should be taken to save this deteriorating relationship with the United States. North Korea should make move towards a round table talk with China regarding the nuclear proliferation and convince them of the threat they pose to America as an emerging super power. This will obviously encourage China to facilitate a dialogue with the United States, and also be in full support of your country’s ambitions. North Korea should also resume the Six-Party talks and allow the other nations to listen to her views on this issue. Since the United States is the most influential state in the world, bilateral talks should be encou raged to foster the two countries personal relationships. I am always emphasizing on the leniency of President Obama as an advantage to you whereby, the country can reach an agreement on partial denuclearization (Victor 123). Internal policies in North Korea have not argued well with the issue affecting the nation. Economically, the country is not doing that well and since we are enemies with many nations we will not develop. Poor infrastructure, failed agriculture and lack of proper trade should be our priorities for now. These are the only things that will ensure growth of our nation and also the ambition of proper utilization of resources like uranium will come into force. United States sees North Korea as a failed State that is why it is interfering in our aim of having these weapons. This economic status should leas us into weighing our options against the United States. Whether as country decide to ignore this relationship, suffering will still continue in our nation. Anothe r step taken by North Korea is that of non-proliferation issue although talks are underway to renegotiate the arrangements. The renegotiated treat should also consider Pakistan and India as they are also suspected to be harboring these dangerous weapons. If these issues are not dealt in efficiently, these countries could the same as Islamabad. Weapon proliferation has made neighboring countries to be hostile to the two countries due to the testing of missile whenever the country feels appropriate. If they continue weapon testing, controversies will be steamed all over the world. Research reveals neighboring countries in North Korea are also concerned with the country’s weapons which may subsequently lead to humanitarian crisis among nations. If the U.S decides to attack us, there are many routes to penetrate our country because countries like South Korea will assist them. Many of the North Korea citizens will die and suffer because most of our neighbors may close the border s. America may also succeed in ousting you as the president, as they did with Sadam Hussein and Osama therefore, I think these policies of the United States should be urgently considered. This will also be for the sake of the country and its people (Jonathan 157). United States has closed any relations especially the normal trade relations, and the manufactured goods from our country while entering the United States markets. These have impacted negatively in our markets and have led to low income. United States is a country that will always be important to us economically, and with our policies of ignorance towards them to we are not going to succeeded. North Korea should also try to honor the Agreed Framework between them and the United States as the country promises to lift sanctions implanted on them. Companies and banks are all willing to invest in North Korea if sanctions are lifted, and this can only be achieved by improving this relationship. I know many factors that have l ed to the power relationship but things like Korea war should be forgotten. Kim Dae Jung’s sunshine policy is important in issue in the normalization of relations between US and North Korea. Japan also, is willing to fund North Korea and usher in a new era of regional cooperation. These are issues that North Korea should consider before deciding to deteriorate its relationship with United States. With the considerable actions, an impact will surely be observed in North Korea. I am not suggesting that North Korea should submissive to America but, with good relation agreements in place, nuclear powers will never be used by the country since it means the economic sanction and the money for its economic development. Since the United States and North Korea are constantly fighting on super power supremacy, both countries should consider how such implications would have on humanitarian conditions such as food, life and the economic welfare more that is powers would. The United Sta tes should try and relaxed their policy rules and try to commit to them to achieve their goals in restoring peace between the two countries and the neighboring countries. This essay on North Korea’s and the United States’s International Relations was written and submitted by user Loki to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Planet For the Taking essays

A Planet For the Taking essays "Problems facing us today are immense and many are direct consequence of science and technology," David Suzuki tells the world, but are we really at fault? Yes. The growing field of science and technology has given the world many benefits, but many downfalls as well. Some benefits include cures for diseases, and easier living conditions. On the other hand, downfalls include the endangerment of many species and destructions of ecosystems. The field of science and technology has been abused consiously and unconsiously to destroy species, ecosystems, and waterways and if drastic changes aren't made soon then we will be severly endangering ourselves. The past few generations of humans have unconsiously been destroying thier environments. Populations drive their cars, smoke their cigarettes, dump huge amounts of garbage in landfills instead of recycling most of it, and pollute the land in so many other ways. Suzuki mentions that the "Great Lakes, which contain 20% of [the] world's fresh water... is terribly polluted and the populations of fish completly muxedup by human activity," and even though humans are aware of the fact that they are destroying wildlife and ecosystems by abusing science and technology, they don't care enough to change their ways. The government is a prime example of abusing our environment with the use of science and technology. Instead of funding and supporting the public transit system, they fund highway and road expansions. If more funding was given to the TTC, then more of the population would be using the TTC and therfore help to cut down on pollution which destroys our surrounding environments. In rea lity, the government wants to make as much profit as possible and therefore more highways and freeways are built so that more cars can travel on them. The world's population will always unconsiously pollute the earth, and all because it lets them live their lives a little bit easier. ...

Understanding Different Learning Styles in the Workplace

Understanding Different Learning Styles in the Workplace Thanks to Ron Gross for sharing this piece from his book Peak Learning: How to Create Your Own Lifelong Education Program for Personal Enlightenment and Professional Success. In the world of work, there is widening recognition of the need to capitalize on different learning styles within organizations. According to Dudley Lynch, in Your High Performance Business Brain, we can use this powerful new way of understanding people to design better organizations, ... do a more effective and productive job of hiring and placing people, and to frame our management messages so that they can penetrate the natural filters of the mind. That means you should be able to measure how well your learning style fits the tasks that compose your present job. You should also be able to recognize the styles of others, which will make for better communications. Understanding Your Style In a workshop, we illustrate this by forming a hemispheric circle. All the participants seat themselves in a semicircle so that each persons position reflects his or her degree of preference for either the stringer or the grouper style of learning. Those on the left side of the semicircle prefer to learn in a step-by-step, analytical, systematic way. Those on the right prefer a holistic, top-down, big-picture approach. Then, we talk about how these two kinds of people can best explain things to each other or convey new information. Hold on, now, one of the left-side folks will say. Id really prefer it if you could start out by giving me some basic examples of what youre talking about. You seem to be all over the map instead of starting with first things first. But the next minute someone from the right side will complain, Hey, I cant see the forest for all those trees youre throwing at me. Could we wrench ourselves up out of the details and get an overview of the subject? Whats the point? Where are we headed? Often partnerships are profitably forged out of two individuals who complement each others styles. In my workshops, we often see two people who work closely together take seats on opposite ends of the hemispheric circle. In one case, a couple in the fashion business found themselves in those places. It turned out that one of them was the idea person and the other, the financial wizard. Together they made a dynamic duo indeed. Teamwork Creating teams to work together or to solve problems is an important area in which an awareness of styles can assure greater success. Some highly technical problems call for team members who all share the same way of processing information, seeking new facts, interpreting evidence, and coming to conclusions. A narrow fact-finding or problem-solving assignment, such as determining how to expedite the passage of orders through the billing department, might be such a situation. In other situations, however, your success may depend on having the right mix of styles. You may need one or two people who take the top-down, broad view together with others who like to work systematically and logically. Creating a plan for the next years activities would be a task that could benefit from this mix of approaches. Recognizing Relationships With Superiors Another area in which styles of learning and thinking can crucially affect the success of individuals or organizations is boss-employee relations. This typical situation occurs every day in business and industry: a supervisor will complain that a new worker cant seem to learn a routine task. When the suggestion is made that the newcomer might learn it if shown it move by move, the supervisor - clearly a grouper rather than a stringer - expresses dismay, exclaiming, I never give instructions that way. It would be insulting and patronizing - anyone can pick it up if they really want to. Such conflict based on differences in style can extend right up to the executive suite. In their book, Type Talk, management consultants Otto Kroeger and Janet Thuesen tell how they helped straighten out troubled organizations by analyzing the disparities among the styles of the managers and executives involved. They even suggest developing a version of the organization chart in which each of the key individuals is identified not by his or her title, but by his or her learning style! Source Gross, Ronald. Peak Learning: How to Create Your Own Lifelong Education Program for Personal Enlightenment and Professional Success. Revised, Subsequent edition, TarcherPerigee, April 5, 1999.

Why the Saudi Government has implemented banning exports of cement and Article

Why the Saudi Government has implemented banning exports of cement and explain the answer in terms of monopoly strategy - Article Example This ban in led to a 58 percent slump in the cement index and reduced profits for most cement producing companies. The decision by the Saudi government to stop and ban the exportation of cement was prompted by the soaring domestic prices of building and construction materials. In the subsequent discussion, we will attempt to identify and explain the cause(s) of such a shortage, and factor(s) leading to the imposition of the ban. In addition, we will assess the reasons for its partial uplift and subsequent reinstatement, how the government’s actions translate to monopolistic behavior. Finally, we will analyze the impact, and effectiveness of the monopolistic strategy on the economy and in particular in relation to the country’s projected economic growth. Despite being the highest producer of cement among GCC countries, Saudi Arabia has recently been experiencing cement shortages. This is because the manufacturing companies export most of their products to international market to fetch higher prices. The exportation of cements has grown steadily between 2004 and 2007. In 2006, the cement export volume was quoted as 2.26 million tones. Total production over the same period was estimated at 33.1 million tones against a local consumption level of 31.2 million tones. This translates to a shortage of approximately 0.36 million tones locally. These statistics show the total production of cement in Saudi Arabia was 33.1 million tons in 2006. However, the total consumption of cement in the same year was about 31.2 million tones (El-Quqa, Hasa, Desai, Rout & Gupta 2007, p. 9). Comparing the above statistics, it is evident that there has been a shortage of cement in the local market. Since this trend has continued, the government responded by banning exports of cement to alleviate the shortage in the local market. In 2009, the ban was partially lifted following an upsurge in demand in the Middle Eastern countries.

Reading response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 44

Reading response - Essay Example lassification of youngsters with reference to behavior traits, one of the devises of the music genre included the shift from dark lyrics to lyrics supporting social inclusion. This devise dropped the once meaningless portrayal of punk as a genre supporting dark lyrics and representing defiance of youngsters. In response to social issues that administrations, such as the Reagan Administration, ignore and overlook, punk music was used as a tool to spread awareness as the social issues were overwhelming the social structure of the community. To aid in the propagation of the social issues facing the community were punk music albums like â€Å"Fresh Fruits for Rotting Vegetables with songs such as Kill the Poor† (Hyde, 142). Although punk music is at some point considered a movement illustrating the culture of transformation in addressing community issues that affected the social structures of the society aimed at linking the community needs with sociopolitical factors. Under-representation within the political scene was one of the contributing factors that influenced the development and creation of pro-political lyrics. Although political and social themes are different in terms of focus, the creation of awareness by linking the two themes from a leadership perspective merits the use of punk music to influence social and political reforms (Hyde,

Alkylation Process For Production Of Motor Fuels Environmental Sciences Essay

Alkylation Process For Production Of Motor Fuels Environmental Sciences Essay Alkylation is a process for chemically combining isobutane with light olefinic hydrocarbons, typically C3 and C4 olefins, (e.g. propylene, butylene) in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually sulphuric acid or hydrofluoric acid. The product, alkylate (an isoparaffin) has a high-octane value and is blended into motor and aviation gasoline to improve the antiknock value of the fuel. The light olefins are most commonly available from the catalytic crackers. Alkylate is one of the best gasoline blending components because it is a clean burning, very low sulphur component, with no olefinic or aromatic compounds and with high octane and low vapour pressure characteristics. 1. Introduction 1.1 Alkylation Alkylation is a process for chemically combining isobutane with light olefinic hydrocarbons, typically C3 and C4 olefins, (e.g.propylene, butylene) in the presence of an acid catalyst, usually sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or hydrofluoric acid (HF). The product, alkylate (an isoparaffin) has a high-octane value and is blended into motor and aviation gasoline to improve the antiknock value of the fuel. The light olefins are most commonly available from the catalytic crackers. Alkylate is one of the best gasoline blending components because it is a clean burning, very low sulphur component, with no olefinic or aromatic compounds and with high octane and low vapour pressure characteristics [1]. 1.2 Advances in alkylation technologies The alkylation process will continue to be a favoured technology for producing clean fuels.MTBE(methyl-tert-butyl ethanol) phase out in the USA, implementation of the latest european specifications, enlargement of the EU and adoption of cleaner fuels specifications worldwide are major drivers for refiners requiring more, high octane, gasoline blending components that do not contain aromatics, benzene, olefins and sulphur. Also as the types of gasoline engine in use worldwide become more uniform, there will be a general decline in the markets for low octane gasoline requiring more components to be upgraded to high quality fuel. Table  1 shows the major technical and mechanical advances. Reactor design improvements are one of the most important developments. The early plants used a pump and time-tank reactor system which was designed to mix the reactants intimately with the catalyst and to remove the exothermic heat of reaction for temperature control [2] .It is required that for the desired reactions to continue with the removal of the unwanted reactions, good mixing of higher concentrations of dissolved isobutane in the acid phase is necessary. Since the early reactors were inadequate in this respect, new reactor designs evolved which improved the degree of acid-hydrocarbon contacting. The importance of good temperature control was also realized in the course of time as commercial experience was gained. Regulating the temperature of the reaction mixture in the suitable range was essential for good alkylation. Inadequate temperature control resulted in decreased alkylate yields and octanes and increased a cid consumption. Therefore, to avoid these penalties the new reactor designs included improved temperature control techniques as well as improved mixing. The two most commonly used reactor systems which grew out of the reactor development work for H2SO4 alkylation are the Stratford Engineering Companys Stratco contactor and the M. W. Kellogg Corporation Cascade reactor were bubbled up through liquid HF. There have been improvements in the preparation of feed and this has given rise to growth in alkylation technology [4, 5]. The ability to design better fractionators has made higher quality feedstocks available, and feed pretreatment facilities have been developed to remove water, mercaptans, sulfides, and diolefins effectively. Bauxite treating, hot water washing, and electrostatic precipitation are some of the significant developments which have improved product quality and reduced fouling and corrosion in downstream equipment. The sulfuric acid recovery process (SARP), developed to reduce the acid consumption in H2SO4 alkylation units was another contribution to alkylation technology. In this process the spent acid from an alkylation unit reacts with a portion of the olefin feed to form dialkylsulfates. The dialkylsulfates are extracted from the reaction mixture with isobutane, and the extract is charged to the alkylation unit. Table  I: Advances in alkylation technology [3] 1) Improved reactors A) better mixing B) better temperature control 2) Recognition and control of operating variables 3) Improved feed preparation 4) Improved product treatment 5) Sulfuric acid recovery process 6) Catalyst promoters 7) Mechanical and construction improvement 2. Types of alkylation processes The alkylation process can be divided into the sulfuric alkylation process and the hydrofluoric acid alkylation process, indirect alkylation by acidic resin, indirect alkylation by solid phosphoric acid and olefin hydrogenation. 2.1. The sulphuric acid process This process uses sulphuric acid as the catalyst and its feedstock are propylene, butylene, amylene, and fresh isobutane. Feedstocks are fed into the reactor which is divided into zones, each containing sulfuric acid, isobutane and olefins feed. The reactor product contains hydrocarbon and acid phases which are split in the settler; the hydrocarbon phase is washed with caustic and hot water for pH control and then depropanized, deisobutanized, and debutanized. The alkylate product so formed can then be used for motor fuel blending or for producing aviation grade blends. The isobutane goes back to the feed. Figure  1: Acid catalyzed isobutene dimerization to 2,  4,  4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,  4,  4 ­trimethyl ­2-pentene by the standard Whitmore-type carbocation mechanism [3]. 2.2 The hydrofluoric acid process This process employs hydrofluoric acid as the catalyst. The two types of hydrofluoric acid alkylation process commonly used are the Philips and UOP (a Honeywell company) processes. While Philips uses a reactor/settler combination system, UOP uses two reactors with separate settlers [2]. The major differences between sulfuric and hydrofluoric alkylations (HF) are temperature and acid consumption. Sulfuric alkylation requires refrigeration to maintain a low reactor temperature. The acid consumption rate for sulfuric alkylation is over a hundred times that of HF [8]. Figure  2: Aliphatic alkylation mechanism with hydrofluoric acid as catalyst: (a-b) initiation by addition of HF to the olefin and in the case of a sec.  butylcation, hydride  transfer from isobutane to produce a tert.  butyl cation, (c) olefin addition to the tert-butyl cation, and (d) hydride transfer form isobutane to yield alkylate and regenerate the tert-butylcation [3]. Table  II: Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON) of alkylates typically produced by HF alkylation of isobutane with various olefins [3]. Olefin feed RON RON + MON / 2 MON Propene 91 92 89.5 90.0 1-butene 94.4 91.6 2-butene 97.8 94.6 Isobutene 95.9 93.4 Pentenes 90 91 93.4 n-pentenes 82.5 Table  III: Research Octane Number (RON) and Motor Octane Number (MON) of alkylates produced by H2SO4 alkylation of isobutane with various olefins at 9-10  °C, 94-95 % H2SO4 concentration, and isobutane:olefin ratio of 7-9:1 [3] Olefin feed RON MON Propene 89.0 87.1 n-butene 97.8 93.9 Isobutene 93.2 90.3 n-pentene 91.0 88.0 Isopentene 91.2 88.8 2.3 Indirect alkylation by acidic resin This process employs the use of a polar solvent to limit the activity of the acid resin in order to improve the dimerization selectivity. High conversion of isobutene can be obtained at low temperature usually less than 100  °C [8, 9 12]. On an industrial scale, the recovery of the polar solvent (tertiary butyl alcohol) could serve to regulate the product distribution and also to reduce the amount of oligomer formed during production to less than 10 % [8]. The alkylate produced from this technology has a research octane number (RON) of 99  Ã‚ ­Ã‚  101 and motor octane number (MON) of 96  Ã‚  99. 2.4 Indirect alkylation by solid phosphoric acid The principle of indirect alkylation by solid phosphoric acid (SPA) is the same as by acidic resin catalysis; the difference being that dimerization over SPA follows an ester-based mechanism [13]. Heavy oligomer formation is mechanistically limited, [10] because the strength of the phosphoric acid ester bond decreases with increasing carbon number of the olefin. Indirect alkylation by SPA is carried out in two steps: selective dimerization of isobutene (from C4 streams) to form diisobutene; followed by hydrogenation to form the saturated product isooctane. Selectivity problems and catalyst deactivation hinder the isobutene dimerization reaction. Because this reaction decides the quality and properties of the alkylate formed, it is a crucial step in this process. The C4 stream, consisting mainly of isobutene, n-butane, isobutene, and n-butenes, is fed to the dimerization reactor, where isobutene is dimerized selectively in the presence of SPA catalyst. The reaction is exothermic, and heat must be removed to avoid temperature rises that can lead to the formation of undesired oligomers. These oligomers have relatively high molecular weights and boiling points and are not suitable as gasoline blends; they also rapidly deactivate the catalyst. Depending on the catalyst, an appropriate solvent may be needed to increase the selectivity toward the dimers. At higher operating temperatures the isobutene derived alkylate quality quickly deteriorates due to trimerization and cracking [11]. Propene forms a stronger ester bond with the phosphoric acid than the butenes, and it will become the dominant carbocation source [12]. The product stream from the reactor is fed to a distillation column, where dimerized and heavy products are separated from the unreacted C4 components and solvent. The dimer is then saturated in a separate reactor to form alkylates in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst. In order to obtain alkylate quality hydrogenated products from an n-butene rich, isobutene lean feed, the reaction temperature should be less than 160  °C and the feed should not contain more than 5 % propene or 10 % pentenes. 3. Flow diagrams of direct and indirect alkylation process Figure  3: Block flow diagrams of the direct alkylation (HF and H2SO4 catalysed alkylation) configurations evaluated [3]. Flow diagram  1: This is the base case for direct alkylation, using a straight run Iron-Based High Temperature Fischer-Tropsch (Fe-HTFT) C4 feed. There is little isobutane in the straight run feed, which constrains the alkylate yield. Flow diagram  2: In order to overcome the constraint imposed by the low straight run isobutane content of C4 feed, a hydroisomerization unit is included in this two-step flow diagram to convert the straight run n-butane to isobutane. The hydroisomerization unit has an internal recycle, with an overall high isobutane yield. Although the alkylate yield may have been considerably improved compared to the base case, most of the C4 olefins have not been converted. Flow diagram  3: The ratio of paraffins to olefins necessary for direct alkylation can be balanced by hydrogenating some of the C4 olefins to C4 paraffins in order to increase the alkylate yield. Flow diagram  4: The alkylate yield may be further increased by using propene as the alkylating olefin. Propene is more abundant than the C4 hydrocarbons in straight run HTFT feed, which implies that all the hydrocarbons can be hydrogenated and hydroisomerized to isobutane for alkylation with propene. In this case an alkylate yield above 100 % based on the C4 feed can be obtained, but at lower octane number than with C4 material only. Figure  4: Block flow diagrams of the indirect alkylation (acidic resin and solid phosphoric acid dimerization) configurations evaluated [3]. Flow diagram  5: It consists of acid catalyzed dimerization followed by hydrogenation. The direct conversion of isobutene in straight run HTFT syncrude with an acidic catalyst has a low alkylate yield (8 %), since only 8 % of the C4 olefins are isobutene. However, this alkylate has an octane number of almost 100. Flow diagram  6: By use of skeletal isomerization, the alkylate quality and yield of n-butenes to isobutene can be improved. The n-butene conversion in the case of acidic resin dimerization is very low, and it is best to isomerize all n-butenes to isobutene. This results in an alkylate yield of 81 %. 4 Product yield and quality In a fuels refinery there is an incentive to convert normally gaseous products into liquid transportation fuels. The quantity and the quality of the liquid fuel being produced are both important, and in terms of alkylate production, the quality is related to the octane number (ON) (1/2) RON + (1/2) MON) of the motor-gasoline. The investment economics is refinery dependent, with octane constrained refineries putting a premium on quality, while refineries with an unsaturated market putting a premium on volume. Table  IV: Alkylate yield and alkylate octane number calculated for the indirect alkylation flowschemes shown in figure  4 [3] s/n Dir.alkyl.fowscheme Alkyl.tech Alkyl.yld(m%C4) Oct.no.(1/2)RON+(1/2)MON 1 Base  case  straight  run HTFT HF H2SO4 2 2 94 96 2 Case  1  +  C4 hydroisomerisation HF H2SO4 21 20 94 96 3 Case  2  +  butane hydrogenation HF H2SO4 102 101 94 96 4 Case  3  +  propene alkylation HF H2SO4 197 189 91 88 The alkylate yield is based on the mass of alkylate produced per mass of total straight run high temperature Fisher Tropsch  C4 cut material. Table  V: Alkylate yield and alkylate octane number calculated for the indirect alkylation flowschemes shown in figure  3 [3] s/n Indir.  Alkyl.  flowscheme Dim.  tech Alkyl.  yld  (m%C4) Oct.no(RON+MON)/2 5 Base case straight run HTFT Acidic  resin SPA 8 72(90)b 99 87 6 Base case + skeletal isomerisation Acidic  resin SPA 81 85 99 99 The alkylate yield is based on the mass of alkylate produced per mass of total straight run high temperature Fischer-Tropsch  C4 cut material.b yield including coproduced kerosen 5 Environmental aspects The environmental burdens due to the treatment of free hydrofluoric acid (HF) losses from an alkylation unit cannot be overlooked. The reality is that hydrofluoric acid losses from the unit do occur through side-reactions, forming organic fluorides, which become entrained in product streams, and through direct entrainment of free HF in a heavy hydrocarbon waste stream [6, 7]. The environmental aspects associated with the liquid phase direct alkylation processes led to the development of solid acid direct alkylation. From an environmental stand point, indirect alkylation is preferred to direct alkylation and that flowscheme  5 (figure  4) is the most environmentally friendly [3]. 6 Conclusion It was found that the choice of technology depended on the different refining priorities, namely, the following: (a) Least complexity, (b) Highest alkylate yield 7 Literature [1] Encyclopedia of Earth Home page. http://www.eoearth.org/ article/alkylation_in_petroleum_refining (accessed Aug.30, 2010) [2] Albright, L.F.; Comparison of Alkylation Processes: Chem.Eng., 209, Oct.  10, 1996. [3] Wang, Y.; Subramaniam, B., 6874 ,Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., Vol.47,number  10, 2008. [4] Albright, L.F.;  ´Alkylation Processes Using Sulfuric Acid As Catalyst ´, Ibid, 143, Aug.  15, 1997. [5] De Klerk, A.;  ´Isomerisation of 1-butene to isobutene at low temperature, Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 43, 6325, 2004. [6] Occupational Safety and Health Administration Homepage. http://www.osha.gov/ dts/osta/otm/otm_iv/otm_iv_2.html (accessed Aug.31, 2010). [7] Warren, R.T.;  ´Alkylation and Isomerisation ´, oil and gas journal, vol 97, Issue  4, Jan.26, 1999. [8] UOP  Home  page. http://www.uop.com/objects/NPRASpr2003HFAlkyd.pdf / Article/advances in hydrofluoric (HF) acid catalyzed alkylation (accessed Sept.  14, 2010). [9] Kamath, R. S.; Qi, Z.; Sundmacher, K.; Aghalayam, P.; Mahajani,S. M.,  ´Process analysis for dimerization of isobutene by reactive distillation ´, Ind.Eng.Chem.Res. 45, 1575, 2006. [10] De Klerk, A.  ´Reactivity differences of octenes over solid phosphoric acid ´, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 45, 578, 2006. [11] De Klerk, A.; Engelbrecht, D.J.; Boikanyo, H.  ´Oligomerization of Fischer-Tropsch olefins: effect of feed and operating conditions on hydrogenated motor-gasoline quality ´, Ind. Eng.Chem. Res. 43, 7449, 2004. [12] De Klerk, A.  ´Distillate production by oligomerization of Fischer-Tropsch olefins over solid phosphoric acid ´, Energy Fuels, 20, 439, 2006. De Klerk, A.;  ´Isomerisation of 1-butene to isobutene at low temperature ´, Ind.Eng.Chem.Res., 43, 6325, 2004. [13] Nelson, W.L., McGraw-Hill,New, petroleum refinery engineering third edition, p  660, 2003.

Points for Great Expectations Essay

Within Great Expectations, the conception of the contextual element concerning status and money is prominent, where Old Money Vs New money provides a division that separates the higher class from the lower class. Money becomes a standpoint in ‘determining’ ones belonging within the society say, for example, when we compare Pip and Bentley Drummele, we view the contrasting forms of old money (indicated as immediate and absolute according to society) and new money (the development of belonging, which according to society, is not a complete form) involving their overall sense of belonging. Pip comes from a family (or lack of thereof) which is associated with poverty and the lack of social belonging that is standardised by people such as Bentley Drummele. Pips ascent from the world of a blacksmith towards a world of a gentleman is exercised by the luxuries of money, and Magwitch’s generosity, as well as the idea of upperclass and middle class belonging, which is shown through his consideration of being the apprentice of a blacksmith, ‘Never has that cutain dropped so heavy and thick’. His belonging, as a result as become enforced upon him, both by himself and by Magwitch, which has led to his inability to gain complete acceptance and peace of his position, ‘It felt very sorrowful and strange that this first night of my bright fortunes should be the loneliest I had ever known’. Dickens use of emotive language envelopes an atmosphere of uncertainty and disturbance within Pips world as he propels himself from the ‘meshes’ of Kent to London, examining his incomplete sense of belonging, due to disturbance of the ‘Victorian Great chain of Being’. Money can buy status, as indicative through Compeyson and Drummle, but neither character is noble. Money is not an indication of character, as wrongly perceived by Pip. Pip and Estella, parts of what make the lower class, are given status when given money. Given by Miss Havisham and Magwitch, there are catches involving behaving in a certain way with the money. Eventually, understanding the true comprehension of money and nobility, Pip goes to work with Herbert, redeeming himself through commerce and hard work, as Estella, left poor and ‘bent and broken’, becomes a softer and stronger person. Pip fails emotionally and physically to assert his place in London’s society. Money buys Estella a place in higher society but has a loveless life and an abusive marriage, living through ‘wretched years†¦ and a long hard time’. Miss Havisham’s jewels and money have not brought Estella happiness, and eluded her for her whole life. Dickens attempts not to convey the luxuries of money, but rather the shallow fundamentalism of materialism which ultimately leads to an incapacity to gain belonging. Pip finds his belonging, not within the realms of his gentlemanly character, but rather, he reconnection to Joe as he re-enters the forge, leaving his regret and misery behind to venture to his real family, and a life of working hard. Through emotive language, Pip and joe are ‘both happy’, with the prospect of regaining Pip’s place within his world, as it is through Kent, and his hard work in Egypt which enable him to gain his exisential belonging and his identity. We see the social division between class through the discourse between Herbert and Mr Joe. Unlike Pip, Herbert was ‘born a gentleman’, whose belonging was not significantly thrust upon him in the same way as Pip. By asking Joe ‘What do you say to coffee’ we are compelled to develop a conclusion based on how Dickens portrays the distinguishing characteristics of the upper and the lower class. In Joe’s visit to London for Pip, Herbert puts Joe in his place through recognising that he can never truly belong within the world of the gentleman. Through colour symbolism, Dickens socially comments on the inferiority concerning the lower class, by Joe, as the colour of coffee itself is reminiscent of the labour and physical hard work that he, as well as others within his class, must face and never escape. On the contrary, Herbert positions himself as well as Pip (with irony indeed) to be more superior and valued through their associations with tea, as its clear iridescence becomes a representation of the ‘purity’ embedded within the views of the higher class. Joe’s inability to have tea is a symbol of his inability to join the higher class, simply because his place lies within the forge ,’I am wrong in these clothes and out of the forge’. By first person, he regards himself as a single entity, as he reflects on his existential belonging within Kent, where unlike Pip, Joe finds that he does not need to be of a higher class in order to gain belonging. What has driven Pip to consistently live a life of misery has led Joe to stray away from it. Unlike Pip, Joe affirms his place within the Victorian era, as being ‘Joe the Blacksmith, there, at the old anvil, sticking to the old work’, where he constructs himself in absolute terms to his blue collar existence, enabling him to belong amongst other things. Totally at home in the forge, with his bare essentials of food and shelter, Joe has found the place to which he belongs to. This is emphasised through his use of black smith jargon, ‘life is made up of ever so many partings welded together. One man’s a blacksmith and one’s a white smith and one’s a goldsmith and one’s a coppersmith’, where Joe describes the inevitability of belonging, regardless of whether one longs to belong to a particular sector or not. Joes mentality involving the development of belonging regardless of circumstance allows him to ‘perfectly’ weld in his own home. Rather than attempting to shape his own belonging, he leaves it be. Victorian England had a distinct class system, which was divided into categories which divided the upper class with the lower class. Transitioning himself from the lower class sector to the upper class, Pip has brought along the social pressures that are associated with his change into becoming a gentleman, and as a result, employed a servant called the avenger. The avenger plays no useful role in Pip’s life, other than to portray the idealistic views of what a gentleman should do, ‘which had a more expensive and a less remunerative appearance ‘. Pip’s own expectations involves the conception that money will bring acceptance, and ultimately, belonging, which is examined through his use of the avenger. The Avenger becomes an allusion for Pip’s vengeance against the higher class, whose belonging is based off the social mandates within the era. Romanticized by social perceptions, Pip has a misconceived idea on the brad picture of belonging to the gentlemanly class, ‘I want to be a gentleman’ meaning that he has a narrow idea that it is merely based on how much money and status that is earned. He believes that, if he becomes a gentleman, he will be Estella’s equal and obvious partner. This changes gradually, as Pip gains a familiarity of the range of people in London’s gentlemanly society, he begins to realise that belonging to such a group is not what he wants anymore. London At the time Dickens has written Great Expectations, London was a fast-growing and changing city of two million. Dickens uses London as an indictment of the flawed perceptions concerning belonging in regards to the higher class, as its physical description suggests that financial improvement and higher social class does not necessarily constitute moral, social and existential mprovement. Pip’s initial perception of London being the ‘foundation’ of his belonging is severely counteracted by what he views in reality. Through descriptive language, Pip examines London as ‘the dingiest collection of shabby buildings ever squeezed together in rank corner’. Rather than escaping from the doomed life of Kent, Pip has entered the damned life of London, which is fu rther reinforced by Wemmick’s claim ‘ Like is the same everywhere’. This epitomises the lack of change involving his belonging, as fate has provided a standard to which he is capable to obtain belonging, rather than forcing it upon himself, which eventually lead to his misery, and his failure to emotionally develop a connection to his own identity, leaving him as a wondering, ‘souless’ entity with a lack of human spirit. England Moreover, England as a whole also becomes a representation of the decay which pervades the Victorian society and their entire sense of belonging, as money and class becomes corrupting. This is examined through Mrs Pocket, who reflects the ideas which radiate from the upper class, the epicentre of London, as she is portrayed to be the ‘female gentleman’, having a useless life filled with self importance and ‘dignity’. Dickens uses her as a criticism on England’s obsession with titles in their class system, as she becomes so caught up with the idea of titles and class that she spends her whole day reading a book about them. Mrs Pocket is evidently disappointed by her own lot in life, even though she does not endure the same struggles as ,say, Biddy, by having almost no household duties and a good man for a husband. Being so caught up within her class system, as her grandfather is a knight, Mrs Pocket is oblivious to what is actually going on around her, preventing her from being the ‘Victorian’ mother, which foreshadows Pips future of laziness and moral decay. Through indignant language ‘am I grand papa’s granddaughter, to be nothing in the house? ’ she uses her belonging to her past as justification to her negligent ill-considered actions as a mother, which reflects her and England’s corruption through social class. Treatment of children In an era such as the Industrial revolution, the treatment of children differentiates from the modern era, which makes it a distinguishable component throughout the novel. The treatment of children becomes a social comment that Dickens attempts to elucidate, as the characters predicament becomes reminiscent of his own childhood miseries of working pasting labels on pots of boot blacking. By reflecting the struggle of all children who underwent suffering through labour, Dickens illustrates the enforced belonging of children towards the adult world, and how they are perceived by adults. This is examined through Pip, who is a shadow of Dickens character in his youth, where surrounded by adults, becomes criticised and scorned for something he cannot help, ‘What is detestable in a pig more detestable in a boy’. Through metaphor, Pip is likened to an entity that is worse than a pig, recollecting the distinct differences between the adult world, and the world of a child which has been forced into it. This is further emphasised through Mrs Joe’s treatment towards Pip. The repetitious ‘Brought you up by hand’, brings forth an indication on how children were physically abused, which becomes another motivation for Pip to leave the clutches of Mrs Joe and Kent into the ‘freedom’ of London. This is further emphasised through the appearance of the ‘tickler’ a wax-ended cane stick which Mrs joe uses to abuse Pip with. It appears that the era encourages such actions towards a child, due to the fact that they are shown as more vulnerable, weaker, and inferior, representing the lack of belonging children have within the era. Time The attachment towards a particular time, more specifically in the past and what lies there, possesses a different sense of belonging which may not even be fabricated within the decayed web of its lies. This is expressed through the character Miss Havisham, where her hold towards the past defines her belonging and identity, or rather, lack of thereof. Miss Havisham is a character who has been left at the altar by her fiancee Compeyson, and from this circumstance, attaches to it for the remainder of her life. Constantly holding on to her grief, as it becomes the only way she can deal with the harsh miseries of being unloved, she grows with the constant reminder that she has been abandoned and left behind, as it is examined by the appearance of the house. The satis (which is latin for enough, a symbol of the intellectual upper class) becomes a physical representation of the stagnant state of belonging Miss Havisham attempts to clutch on to with her bony ittle fingers. The transcendence of this belonging from matrimonious ( as it depicts her wedding day) to decayed is further illustrated by Dickens use of descriptive language ‘Bridal flowers in her hair, but her hair was white’. Pip’s initial impression of Miss Havisham draws from her appearance, classifying her as ‘pure’ and chaste, like an angel, which changes later on, as he sees her once, pure appearance changing into a ‘faded and yellow’ exterior. Her wedding dress is a symbol of the belonging which becomes diseased over time, as she finds herself in a predicament which prevents her from shifting her belonging according to her present, and rather, holding on to her past. Miss Havisham desperately wants to belong to one thing: her sad status as an aggrieved bride. This is further enhanced through descriptive language of what lies within the satis house as ‘I saw speckled legged spiders with blotch bodies running home to it†¦ Black beetles took no notice of the agitation’, which illustrates the creation of a mental and physical prision. Her environment becomes a constant reminder of the moment she was jilted, and it is derived from that moment which costumes her with an ugly sense of belonging, Wemmick The contrasting forms of belonging expounds from the different perspectives that permeate through their characters. We see that Wemmcks belonging is dependent on the place he lies in. Within London, he embeds the values of London belonging which evolves around business and finance, closing himself to emotion where his mouth is likened to a ‘post box’. We see that he becomes hardened, enclosed by the London shell, as he denounces whatever emotion that characterises a human being, and ironically earns his belonging through his emotional detachment. However, in Walworth, we view the transitioning character from one who is denied emotion to one whom expressed it. Wemmck has constructed his belonging through building his house to replicate a castle, as a means of creating a retreat away from the law office. The house connotates a true home, a warm place where a contented family creates a fulfilling sense of belonging.. Wemmick’s gentleness and love towards his father is reminiscent on how Pip should behave to Joe. Through descriptive language, Pip describes its atmosphere as ‘a pretty pleasure-ground’, which differs from the chaotic and dismal places of London, Satis house, and his descriptions of his childhood places; places which Pip yearns to belong to. Dickens implements warm and positive words creates a contrast between these two worlds; One which characterises familial belonging and the other which characterises social belonging. Estella Estella is the adopted daughter of Miss Havisham, whom has raised her for her own motivations. Another way of ‘dealing’ with her grief, Havisham employs Estella as a pawn for her vengeance, characterising and moulding Estella in order to suit Miss Havisham’s desires. In the midst of her own self destruction, Miss Havisham uses Estella to create a belonging need in all men who see her, a need so great that they will be destroyed by what they cannot have. Thus, the lack of existential belonging which is examined through Estella has become a work of miss Havisham’s ‘art’, as Estella states ‘We are not free to follow our own devices, you and I’. In her discourse with Pip, she uses inclusive language, as Estella relates her predicament with Pip by defining her instructions for the day and how they must not deviate from them. The statement, however, is a projection of how both of their lives are controlled in general. Estella is not free ‘to follow her own devices’ not only because Miss Havisham is her adoptive mother and she should do as she says, but because Estella has been raised to actually think, feel and act exactly as Miss Havisham wishes. In raising Estella, Miss Havisham has created a puppet, an individual who indeed cannot choose her own destiny nor character because she will act the way she has been conditioned to act. Miss Havisham’s divisive actions have deprived Pip and Estella from belonging to each other. This becomes a demonstration of he ‘forced’ belonging between Miss Havisham and Estella, revealing her real intentions of using Estella as a pawn in her vengeance, as well as the lack of love Estella has grown to possess. In the end of the novel, Her transition is illustrated through her language, ‘Be as good and considerate to me as you were, and tell me we are friends’. The once abrasive disposition which she conveys throughout the novel has altered in accordance to the miseries experienced by Miss Havisham and her marriage to Bentley Drummelle and years of suffering have forced her to see the value in Pip’s constant love and attention. Estella’s change in language from a biting tone to a softened one examines a softer, older and a much wiser character. Estella becomes the stimulant which drives Pip’s longing to become a gentleman. After Pip’s initial encounter with Estella in the Satis house, Pip becomes insecure about his speech, manners and appearance. Estella’s scorns and disdainful comments ‘what coarse hands he has, and what thick boots’, Pip begins to revaluate his current predicament and his future. His reappraisals enable him to think differently about himself, Kent, and his social status, as Pip develops a longing to lose his ignorance whilst improving himself educationally and socially, in order to win the love of Estella. Through repetition, ‘She had said I was common, and I knew that I was common, and that I wished I was not common’, Dickens emphasises the state of Pip’s mind, and the association of his new awareness and dislike of the ‘common’ belonging that he has been born into. As a result, he embarks on a journey to acquire snobbery through his becoming a gentleman, which is further induced by the arrival of his ‘great expectations’, and his transition to London, leading him to drop his old friends (Joe, Biddy) and pursue new, although occasionally pretentious acquaintances (with the exception of Herbert). Magwitch Magwitch yearns to find belonging in the same manner that Pip yearns to become a gentleman, being considerate that both these characters have not been exposed to these romantic conceptions. Magwitch’s life ‘in jail and out of jail’, consisted of a childhood memory which has been befitted with misery, as he ventures a life of slight criminality through his occupations, such as his association with Compeyson, which consequently lead to his time in jail (14 years). Belonging to a criminal society is all Magwitch has ever known before he meets Pip, yet he constantly finds himself in circumstances which are against the law. This is further examined through his trip to London to visit the new ‘expected’ gentlemen that is Pip, when previously, he was given specific instructions not to enter it with the consequence of execution. Magwitch further attempts to construct his belonging through building up Pip to become a gentleman, which is examined by his use of repetition, ‘That’s a gentleman I hope’, as he attempts to create belonging within an artificial family. Similar to Miss Havisham, Pip’s belonging has been moulded to suit Magwitch. His time in New South Wales being a drover as earned his belonging, which he fails to attempt to transfer it to Pip. However, Magwitch’s endeavours of gaining belonging have not been futile in the end, as Pip offers Magwitch it through telling him that Estella is his daughter. Through emotive language, we are exposed to the final conversation which has taken place between Pip and Magwitch, As Pip Tells Magwitch that Estella is his daughter, ‘She lived and found powerful friends. She is living now. She is a lady and very beautiful. And I love her’, ultimately, giving Magwitch the sense of belonging which he has sought throughout his whole life yet never received.